The accumulation of senile plaques and phosphorylated tau has been also reported to be seen in the damaged raphe nucleus in the AD brain 26, 31, and elevated impulsivity was observed in transgenic mouse models of AD 25, 32, 33, 34, 35. While their daily lives are still unaffected at the first stage of AD 16, 17, impulsivity may be elevated in a particular percentage (17–40%) of AD patients 18, 19.īoth clinical 20, 21, 22 and animal studies 23, 24, 25 have suggested the implication of serotonergic neurons at the dorsal raphe nucleus in the pathophysiology of impulsivity in the series of histochemical analyses showed the degeneration of serotonergic neurons in some of AD patients 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. In AD patients, first symptoms take the form of mild cognitive impairment, in which memory loss is the main symptom. Worsening BPSD, makes it difficult for afflicted individuals to lead a normal social life more often than not, people who have dementia need medical attention and caregivers’ help due to their BPSD, rather than due to a decline in memory or cognitive functions 13, 14, 15. With the progression of dementia, cognitive functions decline in a variety of domains, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), including impaired impulse control, are exhibited 11, 12, 13, 14. Impulsivity is also recognized as an intermediate phenotype of various behavioral abnormalities, as well as a phenotype that sometimes accompanies the progression of various types of dementia, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 6, 7, 8 and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 9, 10, 11, 12. Impulsivity is typically defined as a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned actions responding to internal or external stimuli without regard for the consequences they might bring to oneself or to the others 5. Impulsivity is a behavioral trait that could be a source of various social problems such as morbid betting, kleptomania, overeating, and violence 1, 2, 3, 4. Therefore, we have concluded that heightened impulsivity is negatively associated with cognitive and memory functions in community-dwelling elderly people. Then we have divided them into groups based on the severity of cognitive decline and conducted an analysis of each group, the result of which showed that as this tendency was particularly noticeable in the suspected dementia group. We found an elevation of impulsivity, which was evaluated by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, closely related to decline of cognitive functions, which were evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Mini-Mental State Examination, and Logical Memory function, which were evaluated by the Wechsler Memory Scale-Delayed Recall. Here, we have measured the cognitive and memory functions and impulsivity of 212 elderly community-dwelling people using a psychometric test battery and analyzed the correlation between their level of impulsivity and cognitive functions by multiple regression analysis. In particular, it has not been investigated how cognitive declines are associated with impulsivity in community-dwelling elderly people. Majority of studies on the treatment of BPSD related to impulsivity have rather focused on the aggression and agitation. Impulse control disorders are recognized as one of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).
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